Iconographic and Semiotic Study of Tabriz and Azerbaijan Carpet Based on Shamanism

Abstract

Since the dawn of human civilization, art has served as a reflection of humanity’s relationship with the world, transforming inspiration from nature and belief into symbolic expression. According to the science of semantics, understanding art requires uncovering the meanings behind these symbols. Among the most distinguished artistic traditions of Azerbaijan and Tabriz is carpet weaving—an art form rich with symbolic motifs that reflect ancient spiritual and cultural beliefs. This study explores the iconography and semiotics of Tabriz and Azerbaijani carpets, focusing on the influence of shamanistic beliefs rooted in early Turkic traditions. In shamanism, the cosmos revolves around the Polar Star, the seat of the deity Ulgen, often symbolized by a four- to eight-pointed star. This motif, frequently called the “sun” in carpet design, embodies the sky god Tengri, who breathes life into humanity. The famous Tabriz Fish pattern represents the earth-protecting fish of shamanic cosmology, oriented northward, with dual fish surrounding an octagonal world. Diamond motifs symbolize the North Star—the dwelling of Ulgen—and are also referred to as the “Mother” design, evoking creation and fertility. Floral motifs and numerical patterns carry cosmological meanings: six petals denote divine blessings, while three flowers symbolize the seeds of the Tree of Life, connecting the underworld, the earthly realm, and the heavens. Through iconographic and semiotic analysis, this paper reveals how Tabriz and Azerbaijani carpets embody shamanistic cosmology, myth, and spirituality—serving as woven talismans that preserve ancient beliefs and cultural identity.